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| I really like the game board look to this design. It draws the eye throughout the design easily. |
Monday, March 19, 2012
Research and Inspiration #16
Friday, March 9, 2012
Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD
What is an abacus?
Beads slid to calculate
In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
First freely programmable computer
Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
Census BureauPost a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?
Census Bureau
What does UNIVAC stand for?
Universal Automatic Computer
In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
International Business Machines
What is FORTRAN?
Computer programming for calculations
Post a photo of the first mouse.
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
Made the mouse
What is the significance of ARPnet?
Assist IT techs
In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
Microchip process
In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
Memory Disk
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
Ethernet computer
During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.
In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?
IBM PCPost a photo of the Lisa computer.
In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
Bill Gates
What is GUI?
Graphical User InterfacePost a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
Apple Macintosh Computer
The commercial only ran one time. When?
Superbowl
In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
Windows Operating System
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
To infinity and beyond
Beads slid to calculate
In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
First freely programmable computer
Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
Census BureauPost a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?
Census Bureau
What does UNIVAC stand for?
Universal Automatic Computer
In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
International Business Machines
What is FORTRAN?
Computer programming for calculations
Post a photo of the first mouse.
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
Made the mouse
What is the significance of ARPnet?
Assist IT techs
In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
Microchip process
In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
Memory Disk
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
Ethernet computer
During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.
In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?
IBM PCPost a photo of the Lisa computer.
In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
Bill Gates
What is GUI?
Graphical User InterfacePost a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
Apple Macintosh Computer
The commercial only ran one time. When?
Superbowl
In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
Windows Operating System
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
To infinity and beyond
Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD
Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?
Camera obsura
What is a camera obscura?
Way to observe lightPost an example of a camera obscura.
How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?
Safe observations of the moon
From where did the photographic camera develop?
Portable box
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
Sir John Hershel, greek word meaning light and writingPost an the first photograph.
Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?
Joseph NiepcePost an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Captured the image but couldnt be duplicated
Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
William Fox Talbot- Effective but could not be duplicated unlimitedlyPost an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Frederick Scott- Cost was less, but darkrooms needed to be portable
Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Richard Maddox- Gelatin film, complicated for the public
Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?
Made photography accessible to all- Photography Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
$1 only (Brownie)
What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?
PolaroidPost a photo of the first Polaroid camera.
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
60 seconds
What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
Motion Picture photographyPost a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.
What is the Zoopraxiscope?
Displays motion picturesPost a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
(ABOVE)
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?Series of cameras to capture it
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?
YESPost a photo of a motion picture projector.
What is a motion picture projector?
Plays motion pictures
Camera obsura
What is a camera obscura?
Way to observe lightPost an example of a camera obscura.
How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?
Safe observations of the moon
From where did the photographic camera develop?
Portable box
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
Sir John Hershel, greek word meaning light and writingPost an the first photograph.
Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?
Joseph NiepcePost an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Captured the image but couldnt be duplicated
Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
William Fox Talbot- Effective but could not be duplicated unlimitedlyPost an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Frederick Scott- Cost was less, but darkrooms needed to be portable
Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Richard Maddox- Gelatin film, complicated for the public
Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?
Made photography accessible to all- Photography Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
$1 only (Brownie)
What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?
PolaroidPost a photo of the first Polaroid camera.
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
60 seconds
What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
Motion Picture photographyPost a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.
What is the Zoopraxiscope?
Displays motion picturesPost a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
(ABOVE)
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?Series of cameras to capture it
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?
YESPost a photo of a motion picture projector.
What is a motion picture projector?
Plays motion pictures
The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD
Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
Christopher Sholes
What is a "stenographer"?
Someone with skilled transcription of speechPost an example of Shole's typewriter.
Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
Well known and reliable transcriber
After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
Unsparing tests
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler
What is meant by "typesetting"?
Textual material in typePost an example of Linotype Machine.
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
Mechanical rather than by hand
How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
More efficient and faster producingPost an example of a Linotype keyboard.
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
Farther spaced apart and in a different orderPost an example of a Linotype slug.
What is a slug?
Molds or letter formsPost an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?Most efficient and rapid
Christopher Sholes
What is a "stenographer"?
Someone with skilled transcription of speechPost an example of Shole's typewriter.
Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
Well known and reliable transcriber
After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
Unsparing tests
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler
What is meant by "typesetting"?
Textual material in typePost an example of Linotype Machine.
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
Mechanical rather than by hand
How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
More efficient and faster producingPost an example of a Linotype keyboard.
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
Farther spaced apart and in a different orderPost an example of a Linotype slug.
What is a slug?
Molds or letter formsPost an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?Most efficient and rapid
The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD
The Gutenberg PressPost a photo of the Gutenberg Press.
How did the printing press work?
Form was pressed on a piece of paper
What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
Experimenting with metal typography,determined it was more efficient
Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
Determine which one was fasterPost an example of movable type in a type case.
What is moveable type?
Movable components to reproduce elements of a document
What is a matrix?
Same letter can be used anywhere in the book
What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
Oil based ink
What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
Wood pulp by Tsai Lun-China
What is a "substrate"?
something to write on
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened? Schoffer, took credit for producing the Bible
What was the first book he printed?
Bible
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
Communication was more widespread and efficient
Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton
What was the early form of newspapers?
Boston Letter
When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
The Times in England
What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?
IronPost an example of a 1930s printing press.
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
Letters
Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
IntaglioPost an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
Ink is applied, Damp paper is placed, wipe paper with clothPost an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
Ink is forced through meshPost an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
The use of oil and water and how they do not mix, planographicPost an example of a offset lithography printing press. (WOULD NOT POST)
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=642&tbm=isch&tbnid=QwtCXrr1LDOWkM:&imgrefurl=http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Offset_lithography&docid=RTh0aq7XxzdZsM&imgurl=http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/upload/6/6b/Offset.png&w=279&h=315&ei=HzRaT5uyAYWztwerpPWEDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=402&vpy=242&dur=656&hovh=239&hovw=211&tx=123&ty=124&sig=101528354134235970757&page=1&tbnh=157&tbnw=139&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
Offset Lithography
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
Evolved from eachother
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow
Black
The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD
Post an example of a scroll.
What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
you have to read in order as it was writtenPost an example of a codex.
What is a codex?
Covered and bound collection of hand written pages
"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
Sturdiness
What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
One can go to any place in the book (RANDOM) Sequintental, you have to go in order
What were the advantages of using the codex?
Sturdier and you can find things easier
What helped spread the use of the codex?
The rise of Christianity
What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
Parchment, substrate made from animal skin
What is vellum?
Finer quality of parchment
Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
Bible, books
What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
Dark AgesPost an example of an illuminated manuscript.
Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Monks
What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
The borders and illustrations
What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Feather pens
Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
Christian Masses
What is craftsmanship? Why is it important
Craftsmanship is how a creater puts effort into a piece and it determines the quality of the design.
What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
you have to read in order as it was writtenPost an example of a codex.
What is a codex?
Covered and bound collection of hand written pages
"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
Sturdiness
What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
One can go to any place in the book (RANDOM) Sequintental, you have to go in order
What were the advantages of using the codex?
Sturdier and you can find things easier
What helped spread the use of the codex?
The rise of Christianity
What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
Parchment, substrate made from animal skin
What is vellum?
Finer quality of parchment
Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
Bible, books
What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
Dark AgesPost an example of an illuminated manuscript.
Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Monks
What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
The borders and illustrations
What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Feather pens
Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
Christian Masses
What is craftsmanship? Why is it important
Craftsmanship is how a creater puts effort into a piece and it determines the quality of the design.
The Roman Alphabet | 7th century BC
What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
Variant of the Greek alphabet
What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
Formal: important documents Informal: letters
Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
From where did serifs originate?
Carving of words in stone, didn't want the chisel to slip
When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
Wanted type perfectly aligned in rows
What is a ligature and why were they utilized?
The closeness of letters; alignement
Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form.
Variant of the Greek alphabet
What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
Formal: important documents Informal: letters
Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
From where did serifs originate?
Carving of words in stone, didn't want the chisel to slip
When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
Wanted type perfectly aligned in rows
What is a ligature and why were they utilized?
The closeness of letters; alignement
Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form.
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